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2025,45(6):1-8, 18
DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2025.06.001
Abstract:
The runoff coefficient is a critical parameter that quantifies the proportion of rainfall converted into surface runoff and is widely used in water resources management and urban planning. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the concept, historical evolution, determination methods, influencing factors, and research methodologies related to the runoff coefficient. It examines how the runoff coefficient varies under different influencing factors and evaluates the advantages and disadvantages of various research approaches. The study emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration in advancing technological innovation, integrating data sources, and balancing cost-effectiveness. In the context of rapid climate change and urbanization, it outlines current challenges and future research directions, highlighting how emerging technologies and methods, such as computer technology, remote sensing, and machine learning, can offer new perspectives for runoff coefficient research and provide scientific support for decision-making in water resources management and urban planning.
The runoff coefficient is a critical parameter that quantifies the proportion of rainfall converted into surface runoff and is widely used in water resources management and urban planning. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the concept, historical evolution, determination methods, influencing factors, and research methodologies related to the runoff coefficient. It examines how the runoff coefficient varies under different influencing factors and evaluates the advantages and disadvantages of various research approaches. The study emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration in advancing technological innovation, integrating data sources, and balancing cost-effectiveness. In the context of rapid climate change and urbanization, it outlines current challenges and future research directions, highlighting how emerging technologies and methods, such as computer technology, remote sensing, and machine learning, can offer new perspectives for runoff coefficient research and provide scientific support for decision-making in water resources management and urban planning.
2025,45(6):9-18
DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2025.06.002
Abstract:
This paper systematically reviews the research progress on the flow characteristics of bubble plumes from three aspects: theoretical models, behavioral characteristics, and flow field properties. In terms of theoretical models, it reviews the development process from early single-phase plume models to modern integral models that incorporate bubble swarm dynamics, stratified environments, and line-source effects, elucidating key mechanisms such as buoyancy-driven flow, fluid entrainment, and bubble slip. Regarding behavioral characteristics, this paper summarizes experimental and numerical simulation findings on the diffusion laws, oscillation characteristics, and wall-attachment effects of bubble plumes. For flow field properties, it reviews advances in utilizing experimental measurement techniques (e.g., PIV and PTV) and numerical simulations to reveal flow field information, including three-dimensional velocity fields, turbulent structures, and bubble distributions. It is pointed out that future research directions for bubble plumes should include integrating artificial intelligence algorithms, incorporating complex physical processes such as bubble deformation, coalescence, and breakup, deepening the theoretical models for line-source bubble plumes, improving the characterization of three-dimensional flow fields, and enhancing the prediction accuracy of pollutant interception.
This paper systematically reviews the research progress on the flow characteristics of bubble plumes from three aspects: theoretical models, behavioral characteristics, and flow field properties. In terms of theoretical models, it reviews the development process from early single-phase plume models to modern integral models that incorporate bubble swarm dynamics, stratified environments, and line-source effects, elucidating key mechanisms such as buoyancy-driven flow, fluid entrainment, and bubble slip. Regarding behavioral characteristics, this paper summarizes experimental and numerical simulation findings on the diffusion laws, oscillation characteristics, and wall-attachment effects of bubble plumes. For flow field properties, it reviews advances in utilizing experimental measurement techniques (e.g., PIV and PTV) and numerical simulations to reveal flow field information, including three-dimensional velocity fields, turbulent structures, and bubble distributions. It is pointed out that future research directions for bubble plumes should include integrating artificial intelligence algorithms, incorporating complex physical processes such as bubble deformation, coalescence, and breakup, deepening the theoretical models for line-source bubble plumes, improving the characterization of three-dimensional flow fields, and enhancing the prediction accuracy of pollutant interception.
2025,45(6):19-25
DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2025.06.003
Abstract:
To prevent the semi-submerged jet in ski-jump stepped spillways, which leads to abnormal pressure distributions, severe water wing phenomena and structural vibrations in the upstream step section, a combination of physical model tests and theoretical analysis was used, and three types of test models were designed to study the influence of installing ventilation shafts and extending the inlet horizontal section on the flow pattern and hydraulic characteristics of the ski-jump section. The results show that installing ventilation shafts and extending the inlet horizontal section can significantly improve the ski-jump flow pattern, effectively mitigate the water wing phenomenon, and successfully eliminate adverse hydraulic conditions such as negative pressure. The maximum operating discharge for the ski-jump stepped spillway and the minimum length of the aeration basin were determined, providing a reference for the structural design and operation of ski-jump stepped spillways.
To prevent the semi-submerged jet in ski-jump stepped spillways, which leads to abnormal pressure distributions, severe water wing phenomena and structural vibrations in the upstream step section, a combination of physical model tests and theoretical analysis was used, and three types of test models were designed to study the influence of installing ventilation shafts and extending the inlet horizontal section on the flow pattern and hydraulic characteristics of the ski-jump section. The results show that installing ventilation shafts and extending the inlet horizontal section can significantly improve the ski-jump flow pattern, effectively mitigate the water wing phenomenon, and successfully eliminate adverse hydraulic conditions such as negative pressure. The maximum operating discharge for the ski-jump stepped spillway and the minimum length of the aeration basin were determined, providing a reference for the structural design and operation of ski-jump stepped spillways.
2025,45(6):26-31
DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2025.06.004
Abstract:
According to the flood discharge characteristics of pumped-storage power plants, such as high head, low discharge, and static reservoir water, a 1∶25-scale physical model of a shaft spillway was established based on the shaft system consisting of a circular guide-pier weir, a horseshoe-shaped stilling shaft and a pressurized sloped section, and the flow characteristics of the circular guide-pier weir and the energy dissipation performance of the shaft system were investigated. The experimental results show that the comprehensive discharge coefficient of the circular guide-pier weir ranges from 0.4 to 0.5, effectively ensuring symmetrical flow entry into the shaft and forming detached-wall jets to eliminate wall cavitation risks and enhance air entrainment. The synergistic operation between the stilling shaft and the pressurized sloped section significantly improves energy dissipation efficiency and flow control performance. The horseshoe-shaped stilling shaft demonstrates superior energy dissipation performance and downstream flow regime stability.The energy dissipation rate of the shaft system exceeds 88%, and increases as the discharge decreases.
According to the flood discharge characteristics of pumped-storage power plants, such as high head, low discharge, and static reservoir water, a 1∶25-scale physical model of a shaft spillway was established based on the shaft system consisting of a circular guide-pier weir, a horseshoe-shaped stilling shaft and a pressurized sloped section, and the flow characteristics of the circular guide-pier weir and the energy dissipation performance of the shaft system were investigated. The experimental results show that the comprehensive discharge coefficient of the circular guide-pier weir ranges from 0.4 to 0.5, effectively ensuring symmetrical flow entry into the shaft and forming detached-wall jets to eliminate wall cavitation risks and enhance air entrainment. The synergistic operation between the stilling shaft and the pressurized sloped section significantly improves energy dissipation efficiency and flow control performance. The horseshoe-shaped stilling shaft demonstrates superior energy dissipation performance and downstream flow regime stability.The energy dissipation rate of the shaft system exceeds 88%, and increases as the discharge decreases.
2025,45(6):32-37
DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2025.06.005
Abstract:
To address the issue that intense air-water mixing, caused by the violent collision between water falling along the shaft wall of a drop shaft and the water body at the shaft bottom,may compromise the safe operation of the project, hydraulic phenomena were observed through physical model tests, the air-water mixing characteristics in the drop shaft were explored, the venting mechanism was analyzed, a systematic hydraulic optimization design of the shaft venting facilities was carried out, and a high-efficiency combined venting and bubble-reduction scheme, consisting of a semi-annular weir and three intermediate baffles, was proposed. The results show that the semi-annular weir can divert air-entrained flow away from the tunnel inlet.By extending the flow path and increasing the degree and frequency of streamline deflection, the intermediate baffles promote the collision, coalescence, and upward escape of micro-bubbles, thereby improving the efficiency of venting and bubble reduction, ensuring the safe and stable operation of the drop shaft across a wide range of water level fluctuations.
To address the issue that intense air-water mixing, caused by the violent collision between water falling along the shaft wall of a drop shaft and the water body at the shaft bottom,may compromise the safe operation of the project, hydraulic phenomena were observed through physical model tests, the air-water mixing characteristics in the drop shaft were explored, the venting mechanism was analyzed, a systematic hydraulic optimization design of the shaft venting facilities was carried out, and a high-efficiency combined venting and bubble-reduction scheme, consisting of a semi-annular weir and three intermediate baffles, was proposed. The results show that the semi-annular weir can divert air-entrained flow away from the tunnel inlet.By extending the flow path and increasing the degree and frequency of streamline deflection, the intermediate baffles promote the collision, coalescence, and upward escape of micro-bubbles, thereby improving the efficiency of venting and bubble reduction, ensuring the safe and stable operation of the drop shaft across a wide range of water level fluctuations.
2025,45(6):38-46
DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2025.06.006
Abstract:
To investigate the characteristics of flood encounters between the main stream of the lower Yangtze River and Poyang Lake, based on the discharge series (from 1950 to 2023) from important hydrological stations on the lower Yangtze River (Jiujiang Station and Datong Station) and the inflow control station of Poyang Lake (Hukou Station), the ordered clustering analysis method was used to identify the mutation point (2003) of the annual total runoff and annual maximum flood peak discharge in the lower Yangtze River. Using the annual maximum flood peak discharge, annual maximum 7-day flood volume, and annual maximum 15-day flood volume as characteristic parameters of the annual maximum flood, the mixed von Mises distribution and the P-Ⅲ distribution were used to fit the marginal distributions of the annual maximum flood occurrence time and magnitude at the three stations, respectively. A two-dimensional Archimedean Copula function was employed to construct the two-dimensional joint distributions of the annual maximum flood occurrence time and magnitude in the lower Yangtze River. Based on this, the encounter risks and changing characteristics of flood occurrence time and magnitude in the lower Yangtze River before and after the impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir were analyzed. The results show that after the impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir, the encounter risk of annual maximum flood occurrence time in the lower Yangtze River increased in some aspects and decreased in others. Currently, the encounter risk of flood occurrence time between Hukou Station and the main stream stations (Jiujiang Station and Datong Station) reaches its maximum from early June to early July, while the encounter risk between Jiujiang Station and Datong Station reaches its maximum from late June to late July, which should be paid special attention to. After the impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir, the risk rate of encountering a certain magnitude of flood at any two stations decreased. The operation of the Three Gorges Project effectively reduces the risk of encounter in the annual maximum flood magnitude between the main stream of the lower Yangtze River and Poyang Lake, with the greatest risk reduction observed between Jiujiang Station and Datong Station.
To investigate the characteristics of flood encounters between the main stream of the lower Yangtze River and Poyang Lake, based on the discharge series (from 1950 to 2023) from important hydrological stations on the lower Yangtze River (Jiujiang Station and Datong Station) and the inflow control station of Poyang Lake (Hukou Station), the ordered clustering analysis method was used to identify the mutation point (2003) of the annual total runoff and annual maximum flood peak discharge in the lower Yangtze River. Using the annual maximum flood peak discharge, annual maximum 7-day flood volume, and annual maximum 15-day flood volume as characteristic parameters of the annual maximum flood, the mixed von Mises distribution and the P-Ⅲ distribution were used to fit the marginal distributions of the annual maximum flood occurrence time and magnitude at the three stations, respectively. A two-dimensional Archimedean Copula function was employed to construct the two-dimensional joint distributions of the annual maximum flood occurrence time and magnitude in the lower Yangtze River. Based on this, the encounter risks and changing characteristics of flood occurrence time and magnitude in the lower Yangtze River before and after the impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir were analyzed. The results show that after the impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir, the encounter risk of annual maximum flood occurrence time in the lower Yangtze River increased in some aspects and decreased in others. Currently, the encounter risk of flood occurrence time between Hukou Station and the main stream stations (Jiujiang Station and Datong Station) reaches its maximum from early June to early July, while the encounter risk between Jiujiang Station and Datong Station reaches its maximum from late June to late July, which should be paid special attention to. After the impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir, the risk rate of encountering a certain magnitude of flood at any two stations decreased. The operation of the Three Gorges Project effectively reduces the risk of encounter in the annual maximum flood magnitude between the main stream of the lower Yangtze River and Poyang Lake, with the greatest risk reduction observed between Jiujiang Station and Datong Station.
2025,45(6):47-52, 60
DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2025.06.007
Abstract:
To investigate the evolution of splitting tensile strength of low-heat cement concrete with varying basalt fiber lengths, contents, and curing ages, splitting tensile tests were conducted on 160 specimens using the control variable method at a loading rate of 0.05 MPa/s. The influence of basalt fiber content and length on the splitting tensile strength at different curing ages was analyzed. The results indicate that under conditions of varying basalt fiber content and length, the fibers enhance the splitting tensile strength at all ages, although the impact patterns differ significantly. When the fiber length was 12 mm, an increase in fiber content led to an initial rise followed by a decline in tensile strength at ages of 3, 5, 7, and 14 days, reaching a peak at a fiber content of 0.2%. When the fiber length was 24 mm, the splitting tensile strength exhibited an initial increase followed by a decrease as fiber content increased. Except for the 14-day curing age, the maximum strengths at all other ages were achieved at a fiber content of 0.2%. The optimal basalt fiber length and content were determined to be 12 mm and 0.2%, respectively.
To investigate the evolution of splitting tensile strength of low-heat cement concrete with varying basalt fiber lengths, contents, and curing ages, splitting tensile tests were conducted on 160 specimens using the control variable method at a loading rate of 0.05 MPa/s. The influence of basalt fiber content and length on the splitting tensile strength at different curing ages was analyzed. The results indicate that under conditions of varying basalt fiber content and length, the fibers enhance the splitting tensile strength at all ages, although the impact patterns differ significantly. When the fiber length was 12 mm, an increase in fiber content led to an initial rise followed by a decline in tensile strength at ages of 3, 5, 7, and 14 days, reaching a peak at a fiber content of 0.2%. When the fiber length was 24 mm, the splitting tensile strength exhibited an initial increase followed by a decrease as fiber content increased. Except for the 14-day curing age, the maximum strengths at all other ages were achieved at a fiber content of 0.2%. The optimal basalt fiber length and content were determined to be 12 mm and 0.2%, respectively.
2025,45(6):53-60
DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2025.06.008
Abstract:
To investigate the deterioration process of concrete in severe cold areas under coupled freeze-thaw and leaching action, an experimental study was conducted using an alternating method of rapid freeze-thaw cycles and immersion in ammonium chloride solution. This study examined the time-dependent evolution laws of the physical and mechanical properties and microstructure of concrete, quantified the coupling effects of freeze-thaw and leaching action, and established a predictive model for the degradation of mechanical properties. The results show that under the coupled freeze-thaw and leaching action, both the leaching depth and the amount of calcium leaching increase linearly with the equivalent service duration, while the compressive strength and splitting tensile strength exhibit a negative exponential decay trend. A significant synergistic effect was observed when freeze-thaw and leaching acted concurrently, with the acceleration factors for strength degradation and mass loss rate reaching 1.2 to 1.5 and 20, respectively. The reasons are that freeze-thaw action leads to an increase in porosity and increases the number and width of micro-cracks, and the leaching of solid-phase calcium promotes smoother and larger pores. Furthermore, the temporal evolution of compressive strength damage under individual freeze-thaw, individual leaching, and coupled conditions consistently follows an inverse S-shaped curve pattern.
To investigate the deterioration process of concrete in severe cold areas under coupled freeze-thaw and leaching action, an experimental study was conducted using an alternating method of rapid freeze-thaw cycles and immersion in ammonium chloride solution. This study examined the time-dependent evolution laws of the physical and mechanical properties and microstructure of concrete, quantified the coupling effects of freeze-thaw and leaching action, and established a predictive model for the degradation of mechanical properties. The results show that under the coupled freeze-thaw and leaching action, both the leaching depth and the amount of calcium leaching increase linearly with the equivalent service duration, while the compressive strength and splitting tensile strength exhibit a negative exponential decay trend. A significant synergistic effect was observed when freeze-thaw and leaching acted concurrently, with the acceleration factors for strength degradation and mass loss rate reaching 1.2 to 1.5 and 20, respectively. The reasons are that freeze-thaw action leads to an increase in porosity and increases the number and width of micro-cracks, and the leaching of solid-phase calcium promotes smoother and larger pores. Furthermore, the temporal evolution of compressive strength damage under individual freeze-thaw, individual leaching, and coupled conditions consistently follows an inverse S-shaped curve pattern.
2025,45(6):61-67
DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2025.06.009
Abstract:
To investigate the compressive deformation characteristics of saline soil under dissolution, taking sulfite saline soil from a certain area in Xinjiang as the research object, using laboratory seepage dissolution tests, compression tests, and micro-morphological analysis, the influence of dissolution on the compressive properties of sulfite saline soil was analyzed, and the deformation degradation mechanism of saline soil under seepage dissolution effects was revealed. The results show that under dissolution, the surface porosity of the specimen increases with the salt content, and the electrical conductivity of the leachate decreases rapidly initially and then gradually stabilizes with dissolution time. Dissolution significantly increases the compression coefficient of the specimen, which increases linearly with the salt content. Under dissolution, aggregates disintegrate, large flaky particles are transformed into medium and small particles with rounded shapes, and inter-particle pores and interlocked pores are converted into crystalline dissolution pores, thereby leading to more significant macroscopic deformation.
To investigate the compressive deformation characteristics of saline soil under dissolution, taking sulfite saline soil from a certain area in Xinjiang as the research object, using laboratory seepage dissolution tests, compression tests, and micro-morphological analysis, the influence of dissolution on the compressive properties of sulfite saline soil was analyzed, and the deformation degradation mechanism of saline soil under seepage dissolution effects was revealed. The results show that under dissolution, the surface porosity of the specimen increases with the salt content, and the electrical conductivity of the leachate decreases rapidly initially and then gradually stabilizes with dissolution time. Dissolution significantly increases the compression coefficient of the specimen, which increases linearly with the salt content. Under dissolution, aggregates disintegrate, large flaky particles are transformed into medium and small particles with rounded shapes, and inter-particle pores and interlocked pores are converted into crystalline dissolution pores, thereby leading to more significant macroscopic deformation.
XIAO Yang, ZHOU Qiang, XU Chen, ZHONG Aicheng, ZHU Liyan, SHENG Linhua, ZHANG Taotao, ZHANG Chi, YAO Yao
2025,45(6):68-76
DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2025.06.010
Abstract:
Taking the Xueshi River in Ancient District of Suzhou City as the research object, this study analyzed the impact of initial rainfall runoff pollution on river water quality under the existing scheduling scheme. A hydrological-hydrodynamic-water quality coupled model was constructed based on the SWMM and MIKE11 models and used to simulate the changes in river water quality under different scheduling schemes. Furthermore, optimal scheduling schemes for improving the water quality of the Xueshi River after rainfall under different rainfall conditions were proposed. The results show that the overall water quality of the Xueshi River is good, but it degrades to Grade Ⅳ during heavy rain and rainstorm events. The initial rainfall runoff pollution has the most significant impact on the river water quality during heavy rain, while its impact lasts the longest during rainstorm. The constructed coupled model achieves good simulation results for water level, flow rate and water quality at each monitoring section. Through the design of working conditions, appropriately increasing the gate flow during heavy rain and rainstorm periods can significantly reduce the peak mass concentration of NH3-N in the water body, stabilizing the water quality to Grade Ⅲ standard and thus effectively improving the river water quality after rainfall.
Taking the Xueshi River in Ancient District of Suzhou City as the research object, this study analyzed the impact of initial rainfall runoff pollution on river water quality under the existing scheduling scheme. A hydrological-hydrodynamic-water quality coupled model was constructed based on the SWMM and MIKE11 models and used to simulate the changes in river water quality under different scheduling schemes. Furthermore, optimal scheduling schemes for improving the water quality of the Xueshi River after rainfall under different rainfall conditions were proposed. The results show that the overall water quality of the Xueshi River is good, but it degrades to Grade Ⅳ during heavy rain and rainstorm events. The initial rainfall runoff pollution has the most significant impact on the river water quality during heavy rain, while its impact lasts the longest during rainstorm. The constructed coupled model achieves good simulation results for water level, flow rate and water quality at each monitoring section. Through the design of working conditions, appropriately increasing the gate flow during heavy rain and rainstorm periods can significantly reduce the peak mass concentration of NH3-N in the water body, stabilizing the water quality to Grade Ⅲ standard and thus effectively improving the river water quality after rainfall.
2025,45(6):77-84
DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2025.06.011
Abstract:
To address the issues of low accuracy, poor reliability, and difficulties in programmatic implementation associated with traditional methods for identifying outliers in dam deformation, using the Jinping Ⅰ Dam as a case study, a nonlinear statistical model for dam deformation was developed based on trend surface analysis. Using the generated three-dimensional trend surface as a benchmark, an outlier identification envelope was constructed by setting allowable errors, and a program implementation pathway was designed at the computer system level. In response to the causes and data characteristics of outliers, a comprehensive solution for determining the nature of outliers was proposed, integrating remote system recall testing, self-diagnosis of data acquisition equipment status, and Euclidean distance criteria between initial and repeated measurements. The results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves highly accurate dynamic identification of deformation outliers without requiring dynamic computation. The generated three-dimensional trend surface possesses clear physical and mechanical significance, enabling precise evaluation of dam deformation behavior under varying reservoir water levels and ambient temperatures.
To address the issues of low accuracy, poor reliability, and difficulties in programmatic implementation associated with traditional methods for identifying outliers in dam deformation, using the Jinping Ⅰ Dam as a case study, a nonlinear statistical model for dam deformation was developed based on trend surface analysis. Using the generated three-dimensional trend surface as a benchmark, an outlier identification envelope was constructed by setting allowable errors, and a program implementation pathway was designed at the computer system level. In response to the causes and data characteristics of outliers, a comprehensive solution for determining the nature of outliers was proposed, integrating remote system recall testing, self-diagnosis of data acquisition equipment status, and Euclidean distance criteria between initial and repeated measurements. The results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves highly accurate dynamic identification of deformation outliers without requiring dynamic computation. The generated three-dimensional trend surface possesses clear physical and mechanical significance, enabling precise evaluation of dam deformation behavior under varying reservoir water levels and ambient temperatures.
2025,45(6):85-90, 119
DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2025.06.012
Abstract:
Aiming at the problem that existing anomaly detection models for seepage monitoring data of earth-rock dams exhibit weak generalization capability and can only identify specific types of abnormal measurements, leading to low detection accuracy and high false-alarm rates, an anomaly detection model for earth-rock dam seepage monitoring data based on the graph attention network (GAT) mechanism and temporal convolutional network (TCN) is proposed. This model utilizes the GAT mechanism to assign weights to environmental factors, employs the TCN to improve the extraction of temporal features, and identifies abnormal data based on the model’s prediction error. Taking a clay-core rockfill dam in northwest China as a case study, six anomalous scenarios were constructed to validate the model. The results show that the proposed model can accurately identify abnormal seepage measurements of earth-rock dams, with average ROC-AUC and PR-AUC values of 0.948 and 0.968, respectively, meeting the requirements of practical engineering applications. Comparative analyses with state-of-the-art anomaly detection models further confirm that the proposed model exhibits superior anomaly detection performance and robustness.
Aiming at the problem that existing anomaly detection models for seepage monitoring data of earth-rock dams exhibit weak generalization capability and can only identify specific types of abnormal measurements, leading to low detection accuracy and high false-alarm rates, an anomaly detection model for earth-rock dam seepage monitoring data based on the graph attention network (GAT) mechanism and temporal convolutional network (TCN) is proposed. This model utilizes the GAT mechanism to assign weights to environmental factors, employs the TCN to improve the extraction of temporal features, and identifies abnormal data based on the model’s prediction error. Taking a clay-core rockfill dam in northwest China as a case study, six anomalous scenarios were constructed to validate the model. The results show that the proposed model can accurately identify abnormal seepage measurements of earth-rock dams, with average ROC-AUC and PR-AUC values of 0.948 and 0.968, respectively, meeting the requirements of practical engineering applications. Comparative analyses with state-of-the-art anomaly detection models further confirm that the proposed model exhibits superior anomaly detection performance and robustness.
2025,45(6):91-97
DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2025.06.013
Abstract:
In order to establish typical deep deformation and failure modes for slopes in the Paleogene red-bed area of the Yellow River to Xining Diversion Project, and to identify deep failure-type slope deformation masses, based on investigation and analysis results of slope deformation and failure phenomena in the water supply area, the formation mechanism of each discovered deep-failure red-bed landslide mass was analyzed, and a reverse analysis was conducted to determine the geomechanical characteristics of natural slopes before the formation of red-bed landslides. Numerical simulations were performed to analyze the key factors causing deep deformation failure of natural slopes in the Paleogene red-bed area, and typical deep deformation and failure modes for slopes in the Paleogene red-bed area were established. Slope deformation masses with the geological structural characteristics of typical deep deformation and failure modes were identified in the Paleogene red-bed area, and a three-dimensional numerical simulation model was established to analyze the deformation and stability characteristics of these deforming slope under natural, seismic, and rainfall conditions, and identify deep failure-type slope deformation masses. The results show that the deep deformation and failure mode for slopes in the Paleogene red-bed area is related to the stratum rock segments. According to the established typical deep deformation and failure mode for slopes, a potential deformation mass is identified along the No.24 branch line of the water supply project in the Paleogene red-bed area, showing poor stability under rainstorm conditions.
In order to establish typical deep deformation and failure modes for slopes in the Paleogene red-bed area of the Yellow River to Xining Diversion Project, and to identify deep failure-type slope deformation masses, based on investigation and analysis results of slope deformation and failure phenomena in the water supply area, the formation mechanism of each discovered deep-failure red-bed landslide mass was analyzed, and a reverse analysis was conducted to determine the geomechanical characteristics of natural slopes before the formation of red-bed landslides. Numerical simulations were performed to analyze the key factors causing deep deformation failure of natural slopes in the Paleogene red-bed area, and typical deep deformation and failure modes for slopes in the Paleogene red-bed area were established. Slope deformation masses with the geological structural characteristics of typical deep deformation and failure modes were identified in the Paleogene red-bed area, and a three-dimensional numerical simulation model was established to analyze the deformation and stability characteristics of these deforming slope under natural, seismic, and rainfall conditions, and identify deep failure-type slope deformation masses. The results show that the deep deformation and failure mode for slopes in the Paleogene red-bed area is related to the stratum rock segments. According to the established typical deep deformation and failure mode for slopes, a potential deformation mass is identified along the No.24 branch line of the water supply project in the Paleogene red-bed area, showing poor stability under rainstorm conditions.
2025,45(6):98-106, 133
DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2025.06.014
Abstract:
To address the complex characteristics of high water content and fine-grained composition in Poyang Lake sediment, composite activation technology and microstructure tests were adopted to explore the feasibility of developing solidified composite materials from Poyang Lake sediment. By incorporating industrial waste materials such as mineral powder, along with activators including Na2SiO4, Na2SO4, Na2CO3, and NaOH, the mechanical properties, water-erosion resistance, and freeze-thaw resistance of the solidified sediment were systematically evaluated. Combined with microstructure analysis, the regulatory mechanism of the composite activators on the performance of the solidified sediment was revealed. The results show that the addition of the composite activators promotes the formation of flocculent cementitious substances, effectively fills the pores, enhances the interparticle bonding, and optimizes the microstructure of the solidified sediment, providing a feasible technical path for the resource utilization of Poyang Lake sediment. In particular, the Na+-OH- dual-drive network formed by Na2SiO4 and NaOH significantly promotes the depolymerization-polycondensation reaction of amorphous SiO2 and Al2O3 in the sediment, generating C-A-S-H, N-A-S-H and other alkali gels. The ordered distribution of hydration products significantly increases the 28-day compressive strength of the solidified sediment to 11.61 MPa, a 69.0% increase over the control group, while simultaneously improving water-erosion resistance and freeze-thaw resistance.
To address the complex characteristics of high water content and fine-grained composition in Poyang Lake sediment, composite activation technology and microstructure tests were adopted to explore the feasibility of developing solidified composite materials from Poyang Lake sediment. By incorporating industrial waste materials such as mineral powder, along with activators including Na2SiO4, Na2SO4, Na2CO3, and NaOH, the mechanical properties, water-erosion resistance, and freeze-thaw resistance of the solidified sediment were systematically evaluated. Combined with microstructure analysis, the regulatory mechanism of the composite activators on the performance of the solidified sediment was revealed. The results show that the addition of the composite activators promotes the formation of flocculent cementitious substances, effectively fills the pores, enhances the interparticle bonding, and optimizes the microstructure of the solidified sediment, providing a feasible technical path for the resource utilization of Poyang Lake sediment. In particular, the Na+-OH- dual-drive network formed by Na2SiO4 and NaOH significantly promotes the depolymerization-polycondensation reaction of amorphous SiO2 and Al2O3 in the sediment, generating C-A-S-H, N-A-S-H and other alkali gels. The ordered distribution of hydration products significantly increases the 28-day compressive strength of the solidified sediment to 11.61 MPa, a 69.0% increase over the control group, while simultaneously improving water-erosion resistance and freeze-thaw resistance.
2025,45(6):107-113
DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2025.06.015
Abstract:
Aiming at the severe environmental problems caused by the surge in disposable mask usage due to the epidemics of respiratory diseases such as COVID-19 and H1N1, the feasibility of masks as soil reinforcement materials was explored, triaxial tests and seepage tests were conducted on calcareous sand mixed with different mass fractions of masks, the effects of mask mass fraction on the strength, modulus, volumetric strain, particle breakage rate and permeability coefficient of calcareous sand were studied, and the improvement effect of masks on the mechanical properties of calcareous sand was analyzed. The test results show that with the increase of mask mass fraction, the strength, ductility and internal friction angle of the mask-calcareous sand mixture increase, while the permeability, particle loss and shear dilation are inhibited. The reinforcement effect of masks on soil arises from the high friction at the contact interface between the masks and calcareous sand, and when the soil deforms, the masks improve the overall strength of the mixture by restricting the movement of soil particles. Based on a comprehensive evaluation of the influence of masks on the performance of calcareous sand, the optimal mass fraction of masks is determined to be 0.3%.
Aiming at the severe environmental problems caused by the surge in disposable mask usage due to the epidemics of respiratory diseases such as COVID-19 and H1N1, the feasibility of masks as soil reinforcement materials was explored, triaxial tests and seepage tests were conducted on calcareous sand mixed with different mass fractions of masks, the effects of mask mass fraction on the strength, modulus, volumetric strain, particle breakage rate and permeability coefficient of calcareous sand were studied, and the improvement effect of masks on the mechanical properties of calcareous sand was analyzed. The test results show that with the increase of mask mass fraction, the strength, ductility and internal friction angle of the mask-calcareous sand mixture increase, while the permeability, particle loss and shear dilation are inhibited. The reinforcement effect of masks on soil arises from the high friction at the contact interface between the masks and calcareous sand, and when the soil deforms, the masks improve the overall strength of the mixture by restricting the movement of soil particles. Based on a comprehensive evaluation of the influence of masks on the performance of calcareous sand, the optimal mass fraction of masks is determined to be 0.3%.
2025,45(6):114-119
DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2025.06.016
Abstract:
To investigate the hydraulic characteristics of fish-friendly culverts, a numerical model of a fish-friendly culvert with triangular lateral baffles was developed based on the large eddy simulation method. Three-dimensional numerical simulation of flow within the culvert was conducted under various submergence levels, and the accuracy and reliability of the numerical model were validated through flume experiments. The results indicate that at half the height of the baffle, flow separation occurs along the outer edge of the baffle, and the size of the recirculation zone increases as the submergence level decreases. The intensity of the shear layer and the turbulence around the baffle are negatively correlated with the submergence level. Under shallow flow conditions, vortex shedding becomes more chaotic, with stronger and more numerous vortex structures near the water surface compared to those near the bed.
To investigate the hydraulic characteristics of fish-friendly culverts, a numerical model of a fish-friendly culvert with triangular lateral baffles was developed based on the large eddy simulation method. Three-dimensional numerical simulation of flow within the culvert was conducted under various submergence levels, and the accuracy and reliability of the numerical model were validated through flume experiments. The results indicate that at half the height of the baffle, flow separation occurs along the outer edge of the baffle, and the size of the recirculation zone increases as the submergence level decreases. The intensity of the shear layer and the turbulence around the baffle are negatively correlated with the submergence level. Under shallow flow conditions, vortex shedding becomes more chaotic, with stronger and more numerous vortex structures near the water surface compared to those near the bed.
2025,45(6):120-125
DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2025.06.017
Abstract:
To analyze the status of spawning habitat for the four major Chinese carps in the lower reaches of the Ganjiang River under varying hydrodynamic conditions, a physical habitat model for fish spawning habitat was established by coupling the two-dimensional hydrodynamic model and the habitat suitability model based on the fuzzy logic method. This model was used to simulate the spatial distribution of suitable spawning areas for the four major carps in the lower reaches of the Ganjiang River under different flow rates, to analyze the variation patterns of the weighted usable area (WUA) of spawning habitat, and to determine the appropriate ecological flow required for spawning. The results show that the overall suitability of the main branch was higher than that of the middle branch and the south branch when the flow rate was low. When the flow was high, the overall suitability of the main branch decreased obviously while the suitability of the middle branch and the south branch increased. The WUA of spawning habitat increased initially and then decreased with increasing flow rate. Compared with the low-flow condition, the WUA decreased faster under the high-flow condition. When the flow rate was 4 200 m3/s, the WUA was the largest, accounting for 22.97% of the study area. The suitable ecological flow range of spawning habitat for the four major Chinese carps was between 3 500 and 4 800 m3/s, and the optimum ecological flow was 4 200 m3/s.
To analyze the status of spawning habitat for the four major Chinese carps in the lower reaches of the Ganjiang River under varying hydrodynamic conditions, a physical habitat model for fish spawning habitat was established by coupling the two-dimensional hydrodynamic model and the habitat suitability model based on the fuzzy logic method. This model was used to simulate the spatial distribution of suitable spawning areas for the four major carps in the lower reaches of the Ganjiang River under different flow rates, to analyze the variation patterns of the weighted usable area (WUA) of spawning habitat, and to determine the appropriate ecological flow required for spawning. The results show that the overall suitability of the main branch was higher than that of the middle branch and the south branch when the flow rate was low. When the flow was high, the overall suitability of the main branch decreased obviously while the suitability of the middle branch and the south branch increased. The WUA of spawning habitat increased initially and then decreased with increasing flow rate. Compared with the low-flow condition, the WUA decreased faster under the high-flow condition. When the flow rate was 4 200 m3/s, the WUA was the largest, accounting for 22.97% of the study area. The suitable ecological flow range of spawning habitat for the four major Chinese carps was between 3 500 and 4 800 m3/s, and the optimum ecological flow was 4 200 m3/s.
2025,45(6):126-133
DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2025.06.018
Abstract:
To ensure navigation safety during the pre-advance construction period of the second-stage cofferdam at the main branch project in the lower reaches of the Ganjiang River, a two-dimensional hydrodynamic numerical simulation method was employed to model and analyze the hydrodynamic processes of the temporary navigation channel under various construction scenarios and working conditions. Threshold navigation flow conditions and corresponding improvement measures were proposed. The results demonstrate that retaining the upstream section of the first-stage cofferdam serves a flow-diversion function, thereby improving local navigation flow conditions. Although the pre-advance construction alters the local flow direction in the river channel and affects lateral flow velocities in certain sections of the temporary channel, its overall impact on navigation flow conditions remains limited. However, retaining the downstream cofferdam of the first stage increases the diversion ratio of the left temporary channel, significantly expanding the range where longitudinal flow velocities exceed 2 m/s, which adversely affects navigation. After implementing adjustments, the numbers of cross-sections in the temporary channel with lateral flow velocities exceeding 0.5 m/s under current conditions, after removal of the existing cofferdam, and during the pre-advance construction of the second-stage cofferdam decreased by 66.7%, 70%, and 66.7%, respectively, compared to pre-adjustment conditions, indicating a notable improvement in navigation conditions.
To ensure navigation safety during the pre-advance construction period of the second-stage cofferdam at the main branch project in the lower reaches of the Ganjiang River, a two-dimensional hydrodynamic numerical simulation method was employed to model and analyze the hydrodynamic processes of the temporary navigation channel under various construction scenarios and working conditions. Threshold navigation flow conditions and corresponding improvement measures were proposed. The results demonstrate that retaining the upstream section of the first-stage cofferdam serves a flow-diversion function, thereby improving local navigation flow conditions. Although the pre-advance construction alters the local flow direction in the river channel and affects lateral flow velocities in certain sections of the temporary channel, its overall impact on navigation flow conditions remains limited. However, retaining the downstream cofferdam of the first stage increases the diversion ratio of the left temporary channel, significantly expanding the range where longitudinal flow velocities exceed 2 m/s, which adversely affects navigation. After implementing adjustments, the numbers of cross-sections in the temporary channel with lateral flow velocities exceeding 0.5 m/s under current conditions, after removal of the existing cofferdam, and during the pre-advance construction of the second-stage cofferdam decreased by 66.7%, 70%, and 66.7%, respectively, compared to pre-adjustment conditions, indicating a notable improvement in navigation conditions.
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In order to study the effect of water diversion project operation on the hydrodynamics and water temperature structure of the Hedi reservoir , a three-dimensional hydrodynamic water-temperature coupling model was established based on MIKE3, and the changes of hydrodynamic, water temperature structure and stability of Hedi Reservoir under different scenarios were analyzed by combining the relative water column stability(RWCS). The results show that the high-flow diversion and drainage after the operation of the water diversion project significantly enhance the original hydrodynamic conditions of Hedi Reservoir, and the low operating water level is the most affected by the water diversion due to the small flow in dry years. The hydrodynamic enhancement caused by the inflow of external water will intensify the mixing between water bodies, resulting in a uniform vertical water temperature distribution, and the greater the increase in hydrodynamic force, the greater the damage to the water temperature structure. The change of water temperature structure will cause the change of water intake water temperature, which will have an impact on the irrigation area and downstream ecology. The operation of water diversion project will reduce the stability of thermal stratification of Hedi Reservoir, which will help weaken the water quality stratification formed by water temperature and thermal stratification in summer and autumn.
In order to study the effect of water diversion project operation on the hydrodynamics and water temperature structure of the Hedi reservoir , a three-dimensional hydrodynamic water-temperature coupling model was established based on MIKE3, and the changes of hydrodynamic, water temperature structure and stability of Hedi Reservoir under different scenarios were analyzed by combining the relative water column stability(RWCS). The results show that the high-flow diversion and drainage after the operation of the water diversion project significantly enhance the original hydrodynamic conditions of Hedi Reservoir, and the low operating water level is the most affected by the water diversion due to the small flow in dry years. The hydrodynamic enhancement caused by the inflow of external water will intensify the mixing between water bodies, resulting in a uniform vertical water temperature distribution, and the greater the increase in hydrodynamic force, the greater the damage to the water temperature structure. The change of water temperature structure will cause the change of water intake water temperature, which will have an impact on the irrigation area and downstream ecology. The operation of water diversion project will reduce the stability of thermal stratification of Hedi Reservoir, which will help weaken the water quality stratification formed by water temperature and thermal stratification in summer and autumn.
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2019,39(1):1-6, DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2019.01.001
Abstract:
Since flood is formed by storm, flood forecasting is the continuity of precipitation prediction. In recent 30 years, numerical weather prediction has made great advance, but the attempt to apply watershed hydrological model in flood forecasting is slow. The reasons for the different accuracies between numerical weather prediction and flood forecasting are investigated. Successful experience of numerical weather prediction and the problems of watershed hydrological model in the application of flood forecasting are discussed by means of comparison of the weather model and the watershed hydrological model. Problems discussed are the prediction methods and the forecasting time, the initial fields and the boundary value fields, data assimilation and data fusion. It is expected that great inspirations to flood forecasting can be obtained from the successful experience of numerical weather prediction. In the near future, seamless connection can be realized between weather prediction and flood forecasting, and as a result, the accuracy of flood forecasting can thus be improved and the forecasting time can be extended.
Since flood is formed by storm, flood forecasting is the continuity of precipitation prediction. In recent 30 years, numerical weather prediction has made great advance, but the attempt to apply watershed hydrological model in flood forecasting is slow. The reasons for the different accuracies between numerical weather prediction and flood forecasting are investigated. Successful experience of numerical weather prediction and the problems of watershed hydrological model in the application of flood forecasting are discussed by means of comparison of the weather model and the watershed hydrological model. Problems discussed are the prediction methods and the forecasting time, the initial fields and the boundary value fields, data assimilation and data fusion. It is expected that great inspirations to flood forecasting can be obtained from the successful experience of numerical weather prediction. In the near future, seamless connection can be realized between weather prediction and flood forecasting, and as a result, the accuracy of flood forecasting can thus be improved and the forecasting time can be extended.
2020,40(1):1-9, DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2020.01.001
Abstract:
In order to reasonably synthesize the carrying capacity of regional water resources by the four elements of water quantity, water quality, water space and stream flow, a water resources carrying capacity evaluation model based on the four elements and a risk matrix(QQSS-RM)was proposed. Firstly, 48 preliminary evaluation indicators under the subsystem of quantity-quality-space-stream were constructed and the weight of each evaluation index in the four elements was calculated by expert consultation information method and genetic analytic hierarchy process. Through screening and analysis, 8 comprehensive evaluation indexes were obtained to construct the evaluation index system for the regional water resources carrying capacity. Secondly, 4 evaluation grade criteria of 8 comprehensive evaluation indexes were obtained by referring to relevant literature and expert opinions. Finally, an evaluation model of water resources carrying capacity based on QQSS-RM was constructed, which was applied to three third grade zones of water resources in the Xiliao River Basin. The results show that the water resources carrying capacity evaluation level of Xilamulun River and Laoha River, Wulijimulun River and the downstream of Xiliao River are overloaded, critical overloaded and overloaded respectively, showing a poor water resources carrying capacity of the Xiliao River Basin. The evaluation results are basically consistent with the current status of the Xiliao River Basin, indicating that the QQSS-RM model has better application value in regional water resources carrying capacity evaluation.
In order to reasonably synthesize the carrying capacity of regional water resources by the four elements of water quantity, water quality, water space and stream flow, a water resources carrying capacity evaluation model based on the four elements and a risk matrix(QQSS-RM)was proposed. Firstly, 48 preliminary evaluation indicators under the subsystem of quantity-quality-space-stream were constructed and the weight of each evaluation index in the four elements was calculated by expert consultation information method and genetic analytic hierarchy process. Through screening and analysis, 8 comprehensive evaluation indexes were obtained to construct the evaluation index system for the regional water resources carrying capacity. Secondly, 4 evaluation grade criteria of 8 comprehensive evaluation indexes were obtained by referring to relevant literature and expert opinions. Finally, an evaluation model of water resources carrying capacity based on QQSS-RM was constructed, which was applied to three third grade zones of water resources in the Xiliao River Basin. The results show that the water resources carrying capacity evaluation level of Xilamulun River and Laoha River, Wulijimulun River and the downstream of Xiliao River are overloaded, critical overloaded and overloaded respectively, showing a poor water resources carrying capacity of the Xiliao River Basin. The evaluation results are basically consistent with the current status of the Xiliao River Basin, indicating that the QQSS-RM model has better application value in regional water resources carrying capacity evaluation.
2020,40(2):1-5, DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2020.02.001
Abstract:
Problems exist in the construction and management of ecological irrigation districts, such as low efficiency in industry and resources, irrigation water deterioration and decreased ecological diversity. Based on the theoretical guidance of the rural revitalization strategy and its 20 words general requirements, construction and management of ecological irrigation districts under the guidance of the rural revitalization strategy were discussed. Three red lines for the construction and management of irrigation districts were proposed, including the baseline of agricultural quality and production, the baseline of ecological environment and the upper limit of resources development and utilization. The ecological irrigation districts should develop in the direction of effective supply of food production and other products, perfection in ecological environmental landscape, protection and high-efficiency utilization of resources. This paper provides scientific references of sustainable and green development for ecological irrigation districts.
Problems exist in the construction and management of ecological irrigation districts, such as low efficiency in industry and resources, irrigation water deterioration and decreased ecological diversity. Based on the theoretical guidance of the rural revitalization strategy and its 20 words general requirements, construction and management of ecological irrigation districts under the guidance of the rural revitalization strategy were discussed. Three red lines for the construction and management of irrigation districts were proposed, including the baseline of agricultural quality and production, the baseline of ecological environment and the upper limit of resources development and utilization. The ecological irrigation districts should develop in the direction of effective supply of food production and other products, perfection in ecological environmental landscape, protection and high-efficiency utilization of resources. This paper provides scientific references of sustainable and green development for ecological irrigation districts.
2020,40(3):1-7, DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2020.03.001
Abstract:
Spring ecological water requirement for the fishes in the Yellow River Estuary should meet the needs of the habitat and spawning ground of freshwater fishes, channel of migratory fishes, and spawning ground of offshore migratory fishes. According to the living habit of fishes, the time of runoff propagation, the mixing time of fresh water and salt water, and the discharge feature since the operation of the Xiaolangdi Reservoir, key attention should be paid to the water requirement from March to May. A minimum ecological flow discharge of 240 m3/s is needed according to the living habit of fishes and the continuity of the migration channel. A flow discharge pulse with a peak of 890 m3/s, lasting for 8d in the middle stage of April is also needed considering the pulse characteristics in nature period. In this condition, the runoff in spring is 21. 6×108 m3, satisfying the requirement of 21×108 m3 for the low salt spawning condition of offshore migratory fishes. The mean annual spring runoff is 21×108 m3 since the operation of the Xiaolangdi Reservoir. It is of great feasibility to satisfy the fish ecological water requirement by optimizing the annual or the interannual operation modes.
Spring ecological water requirement for the fishes in the Yellow River Estuary should meet the needs of the habitat and spawning ground of freshwater fishes, channel of migratory fishes, and spawning ground of offshore migratory fishes. According to the living habit of fishes, the time of runoff propagation, the mixing time of fresh water and salt water, and the discharge feature since the operation of the Xiaolangdi Reservoir, key attention should be paid to the water requirement from March to May. A minimum ecological flow discharge of 240 m3/s is needed according to the living habit of fishes and the continuity of the migration channel. A flow discharge pulse with a peak of 890 m3/s, lasting for 8d in the middle stage of April is also needed considering the pulse characteristics in nature period. In this condition, the runoff in spring is 21. 6×108 m3, satisfying the requirement of 21×108 m3 for the low salt spawning condition of offshore migratory fishes. The mean annual spring runoff is 21×108 m3 since the operation of the Xiaolangdi Reservoir. It is of great feasibility to satisfy the fish ecological water requirement by optimizing the annual or the interannual operation modes.
2019,39(3):18-23, DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2019.03.004
Abstract:
In order to comprehensively understand the current status of global hydropower development, to analyze the development potential of hydropower markets in various countries, and to guide hydropower enterprises to explore the international market, the world is divided into six regions, including North America, South America, Africa, Europe, Central and South Asia, East Asia and the Pacific Rim. The current status of hydropower development in various regions of the world, as well as the corresponding status and development goals in key countries are elaborated. Based on the water resources and the development situation, the exploring potential of the global hydropower market is analyzed. The results show that the total installed capacity of hydropower in the world continues to increase but the annual increment shows a downward trend. The hydropower development potential in Africa, South Asia and Southeast Asia is relatively large. In terms of technology development, the countries such as Indonesia, Peru, DR Congo, Tajikistan, Nepal, Angola, Myanmar and Bolivia, etc. , have broad prospects for future hydropower markets.
In order to comprehensively understand the current status of global hydropower development, to analyze the development potential of hydropower markets in various countries, and to guide hydropower enterprises to explore the international market, the world is divided into six regions, including North America, South America, Africa, Europe, Central and South Asia, East Asia and the Pacific Rim. The current status of hydropower development in various regions of the world, as well as the corresponding status and development goals in key countries are elaborated. Based on the water resources and the development situation, the exploring potential of the global hydropower market is analyzed. The results show that the total installed capacity of hydropower in the world continues to increase but the annual increment shows a downward trend. The hydropower development potential in Africa, South Asia and Southeast Asia is relatively large. In terms of technology development, the countries such as Indonesia, Peru, DR Congo, Tajikistan, Nepal, Angola, Myanmar and Bolivia, etc. , have broad prospects for future hydropower markets.
2015,35(4):1-5, DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2015.04.001
Abstract:
Through the analysis of parameters and structure, it was found that the description of storm water management model(SWMM) on the process of rainfall-runoff formation in urban areas is consistent with urban runoff yield and concentration rule. The physical concept of SWMM is clear because the runoff yield analytical methods are based on hydrology, and concentration analytical methods are based on hydraulics. The parameters of SWMM almost have geometric or physical meanings, but there are some complementary(or dependency) relationships among some parameters. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the influence of the equifinality for different parameters on parameter calibration. The composition of the process of rainfall-runoff formation in catchment area exit using the method of simultaneous summation shows that the interference between stormflows from different areas is neglected.
Through the analysis of parameters and structure, it was found that the description of storm water management model(SWMM) on the process of rainfall-runoff formation in urban areas is consistent with urban runoff yield and concentration rule. The physical concept of SWMM is clear because the runoff yield analytical methods are based on hydrology, and concentration analytical methods are based on hydraulics. The parameters of SWMM almost have geometric or physical meanings, but there are some complementary(or dependency) relationships among some parameters. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the influence of the equifinality for different parameters on parameter calibration. The composition of the process of rainfall-runoff formation in catchment area exit using the method of simultaneous summation shows that the interference between stormflows from different areas is neglected.
2019,39(4):1-6, DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2019.04.001
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To examine the damage causes of warping dams and their impacts on sediment delivery into the Yellow River, the characteristics of the rainstorm process at August 17 and the inflow of water-sediment into the Yellow River were obtained based on the field investigation results of 19 warping dam breaches and the data of hydrological stations and rainfall stations in Xiliugou and Hantaichuan watersheds. According to the structure and operation characteristics of the warping dams, combined with the detailed investigation of the flood-induced damage situation, especially the erosion form at the break sites, the causes of flood-induced damage were analyzed from the aspects of rainfall, planning, design, construction and operation management of the warping dams. The break modes and sand-blocking effects of the warping dams were qualitatively presented. Suggestions are proposed, including optimizing dam-system layout and construction standard, improving the structure of drainage structures, strengthening construction quality management, and paying attention to non-engineering measures such as early warning and prediction.
To examine the damage causes of warping dams and their impacts on sediment delivery into the Yellow River, the characteristics of the rainstorm process at August 17 and the inflow of water-sediment into the Yellow River were obtained based on the field investigation results of 19 warping dam breaches and the data of hydrological stations and rainfall stations in Xiliugou and Hantaichuan watersheds. According to the structure and operation characteristics of the warping dams, combined with the detailed investigation of the flood-induced damage situation, especially the erosion form at the break sites, the causes of flood-induced damage were analyzed from the aspects of rainfall, planning, design, construction and operation management of the warping dams. The break modes and sand-blocking effects of the warping dams were qualitatively presented. Suggestions are proposed, including optimizing dam-system layout and construction standard, improving the structure of drainage structures, strengthening construction quality management, and paying attention to non-engineering measures such as early warning and prediction.
2019,39(2):1-6, DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2019.02.001
Abstract:
To cope with the new challenges of environmental flow research under hydrology, climate and ecosystem changes, research results from both China and abroad have been summarized. Five aspects of shortcomings in the current environmental flow research are pointed out, which also belong to frontier problems and challenges, including(1)Global environmental change and instability; (2)Dynamic simulation of eco-hydrological process in which the transition of hydrological regime from static evaluation to dynamic characteristic evaluation is the key; (3)Characteristics of eco-hydrological relationship in which the coupling research of ecosystem state, process variables and species characteristics, and the research of ecological characteristics, spatial and temporal scales of environmental flows are the key points; (4)Key indicators in environmental flow evaluation; (5)Ecology extension of environmental flow forecasting. To solve these problems, research directions of environmental flows in the background of the Anthropocene are proposed. Dynamic adaptive management of ecological objectives and basic research of ecology from local to reginal areas should be strengthened. Mechanisms of eco-hydrological response based on process should be completed and phased implementation of non-hydrological indicator coupling should be intensified. Evaluation and application of environmental flows under adaptive management should be strengthened to guarantee ecological integrity.
To cope with the new challenges of environmental flow research under hydrology, climate and ecosystem changes, research results from both China and abroad have been summarized. Five aspects of shortcomings in the current environmental flow research are pointed out, which also belong to frontier problems and challenges, including(1)Global environmental change and instability; (2)Dynamic simulation of eco-hydrological process in which the transition of hydrological regime from static evaluation to dynamic characteristic evaluation is the key; (3)Characteristics of eco-hydrological relationship in which the coupling research of ecosystem state, process variables and species characteristics, and the research of ecological characteristics, spatial and temporal scales of environmental flows are the key points; (4)Key indicators in environmental flow evaluation; (5)Ecology extension of environmental flow forecasting. To solve these problems, research directions of environmental flows in the background of the Anthropocene are proposed. Dynamic adaptive management of ecological objectives and basic research of ecology from local to reginal areas should be strengthened. Mechanisms of eco-hydrological response based on process should be completed and phased implementation of non-hydrological indicator coupling should be intensified. Evaluation and application of environmental flows under adaptive management should be strengthened to guarantee ecological integrity.
2019,39(3):1-5, DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2019.03.001
Abstract:
The reservoirs(Xiluodu, Xiangjiaba, Zipingpu, Pubugou, and Tingzikou)in the upper Yangtze River were considered as the object of study. A nonlinear safety degree strategy for the joint flood control system of the multi-reservoirs in the upper Yangtze River was proposed, based on which a flood storage capacity optimization distribution model for multi-reservoirs was constructed and an in-depth discussion for the flood control effect of the nonlinear safety degree strategy was conducted. The results show that compared with linear safety degree strategy of multi-reservoirs, the flood control capacity of Xiluodu reservoir can be less consumed by increasing the usage of the flood control capacity in other reservoirs by the nonlinear strategy in the condition that the flood control effect of the downstream is not deteriorated. The application of the nonlinear safety degree strategy can relatively balance the flood storage capacity allocation of the reservoirs, make the reservoirs share the flood risk of the flood control areas, give full play to the flood control benefits of the reservoirs, and ensure the stable and safe operation of the multi-reservoir system.
The reservoirs(Xiluodu, Xiangjiaba, Zipingpu, Pubugou, and Tingzikou)in the upper Yangtze River were considered as the object of study. A nonlinear safety degree strategy for the joint flood control system of the multi-reservoirs in the upper Yangtze River was proposed, based on which a flood storage capacity optimization distribution model for multi-reservoirs was constructed and an in-depth discussion for the flood control effect of the nonlinear safety degree strategy was conducted. The results show that compared with linear safety degree strategy of multi-reservoirs, the flood control capacity of Xiluodu reservoir can be less consumed by increasing the usage of the flood control capacity in other reservoirs by the nonlinear strategy in the condition that the flood control effect of the downstream is not deteriorated. The application of the nonlinear safety degree strategy can relatively balance the flood storage capacity allocation of the reservoirs, make the reservoirs share the flood risk of the flood control areas, give full play to the flood control benefits of the reservoirs, and ensure the stable and safe operation of the multi-reservoir system.
2020,40(1):17-24, DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2020.01.003
Abstract:
The geological disaster chain related to landslide dams has caused a lot of economic losses and casualties to China every year. Based on data statistics, the triggering factors and distribution rules of landslide dams in China in the past 10 years were analyzed. The results show that, there has been more than 100 recorded landslide dams in China. Earthquakes and heavy rainfalls are the main trigger factors, since they account for more than 90% of the total statistics. In terms of geographical distribution, Southwestern China is the heavy disaster-area of hazards related to landslide dams, and the landslide dam number accounts for more than 80% of the total statistics. The number of landslide dams in Sichuan Province is far more than that of other provinces, as it has suffered from the Wenchuan earthquake and the Lushan earthquake. Taiwan Province ranks the second, since there are 11 landslide dams recorded in the past 10 years due to the impact of typhoons yearly, accounting for 10. 2% of the total, followed by Yunnan, Chongqing and other provinces. In terms of temporal distribution, the number of landslide dams is basically fluctuating within the normal range except for the year 2008.
The geological disaster chain related to landslide dams has caused a lot of economic losses and casualties to China every year. Based on data statistics, the triggering factors and distribution rules of landslide dams in China in the past 10 years were analyzed. The results show that, there has been more than 100 recorded landslide dams in China. Earthquakes and heavy rainfalls are the main trigger factors, since they account for more than 90% of the total statistics. In terms of geographical distribution, Southwestern China is the heavy disaster-area of hazards related to landslide dams, and the landslide dam number accounts for more than 80% of the total statistics. The number of landslide dams in Sichuan Province is far more than that of other provinces, as it has suffered from the Wenchuan earthquake and the Lushan earthquake. Taiwan Province ranks the second, since there are 11 landslide dams recorded in the past 10 years due to the impact of typhoons yearly, accounting for 10. 2% of the total, followed by Yunnan, Chongqing and other provinces. In terms of temporal distribution, the number of landslide dams is basically fluctuating within the normal range except for the year 2008.
2021,41(2):1-7, DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2021.02.001
Abstract:
An improved corridor constraint and IPSO-DPSA algorithm were proposed to solve the problem of morphological distortion of the dispatching line in the reservoir operation optimization process. Based on the hybrid algorithm of particle swarm optimization and dynamic programming successive approximation, this method optimizes the evolution process by introducing improved corridor constraints, special individual evolution mode, external elite set strategy, making the solution set as close as possible to the Pareto-optimal front of the multi-objective problem. The case study of the multi-objective optimization problem of the scheduling graph of the Chitan Reservoir shows that the algorithm can effectively control the morphological distortion of the dispatching line in the optimization process, and has good optimization performance.
An improved corridor constraint and IPSO-DPSA algorithm were proposed to solve the problem of morphological distortion of the dispatching line in the reservoir operation optimization process. Based on the hybrid algorithm of particle swarm optimization and dynamic programming successive approximation, this method optimizes the evolution process by introducing improved corridor constraints, special individual evolution mode, external elite set strategy, making the solution set as close as possible to the Pareto-optimal front of the multi-objective problem. The case study of the multi-objective optimization problem of the scheduling graph of the Chitan Reservoir shows that the algorithm can effectively control the morphological distortion of the dispatching line in the optimization process, and has good optimization performance.
2017,37(4):1-7, DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2017.04.001
Abstract:
The hydrological principle of the structure and parameters of watershed hydrological models, the physical coupling relationship between the structure and parameters, and the essential difference between lumped and distributed watershed hydrological models were investigated. The characteristics of the solution methods for these two models, and the reasons causing the phenomenon of equifinality for different parameters during the calibration of the watershed hydrological models, as well as methods to alleviate the effects of this phenomenon, are discussed. A method for verification and comparison of the watershed hydrological models is proposed.
The hydrological principle of the structure and parameters of watershed hydrological models, the physical coupling relationship between the structure and parameters, and the essential difference between lumped and distributed watershed hydrological models were investigated. The characteristics of the solution methods for these two models, and the reasons causing the phenomenon of equifinality for different parameters during the calibration of the watershed hydrological models, as well as methods to alleviate the effects of this phenomenon, are discussed. A method for verification and comparison of the watershed hydrological models is proposed.
2019,39(3):6-10, DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2019.03.002
Abstract:
Aiming at the complex problems of water resources in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, an overall regulation and control idea based on the theory of virtuous circulation of water resources is proposed, which includes the smooth circulation of natural water resources and the cooperative equilibrium of social water resources circulation. Coping strategies are put forward in five aspects, including nature-enriched water regulation, combination of concentrated and sporadic sewage treatment, unified regulation, water consumption management, and synergetic utilization of water market. The present study is aimed at achieving virtuous circulation to support sustainable utilization of water resources and green development.
Aiming at the complex problems of water resources in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, an overall regulation and control idea based on the theory of virtuous circulation of water resources is proposed, which includes the smooth circulation of natural water resources and the cooperative equilibrium of social water resources circulation. Coping strategies are put forward in five aspects, including nature-enriched water regulation, combination of concentrated and sporadic sewage treatment, unified regulation, water consumption management, and synergetic utilization of water market. The present study is aimed at achieving virtuous circulation to support sustainable utilization of water resources and green development.
2019,39(1):7-14, DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2019.01.002
Abstract:
The goal of water governance is specified from five dimensions, including resources, economy, sociality, ecology and environment. The evaluation index system of the water governance in China is systematically designed. The current situation of water governance is comprehensively evaluated and the variation trend of China's water governance in 2020-2050 is forecasted using the hierarchical equal weight method and the target consistency method. The results show that the index of water governance has been increased quickly from below 0. 235 to near 0. 70 since the reform and opening-up. The acceleration period of water governance is from 2010 to 2015, in which the water governance index has increased about 50%. It is expected that the water governance index will exceed 0. 85 by 2020, and the harmonization between economic development and water resources utilization will be realized. The index of water governance will reach 0. 95 by 2030, and the harmonization between economic development and water pollution will be realized. The capacity of water safety support can be significantly improved and the water governance targets can be realized basically. The index of water governance will reach the optimum value of 1 by 2050, and the water resources utilization, water pollution discharge, water disaster loss and water ecology degradation area will be zero growth, fully achieving the harmony between human and water.
The goal of water governance is specified from five dimensions, including resources, economy, sociality, ecology and environment. The evaluation index system of the water governance in China is systematically designed. The current situation of water governance is comprehensively evaluated and the variation trend of China's water governance in 2020-2050 is forecasted using the hierarchical equal weight method and the target consistency method. The results show that the index of water governance has been increased quickly from below 0. 235 to near 0. 70 since the reform and opening-up. The acceleration period of water governance is from 2010 to 2015, in which the water governance index has increased about 50%. It is expected that the water governance index will exceed 0. 85 by 2020, and the harmonization between economic development and water resources utilization will be realized. The index of water governance will reach 0. 95 by 2030, and the harmonization between economic development and water pollution will be realized. The capacity of water safety support can be significantly improved and the water governance targets can be realized basically. The index of water governance will reach the optimum value of 1 by 2050, and the water resources utilization, water pollution discharge, water disaster loss and water ecology degradation area will be zero growth, fully achieving the harmony between human and water.
2015,35(3):11-18, DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2015.03.003
Abstract:
Fecal Coliform (FC) concentration in surface waters, such as, rivers, lakes, reservoirs and coastal areas, of China was surveyed based on literatures published since 1980s. From the survey, the temporal variation and the spatial distribution of FC concentration is analyzed, and then influencing factors on distribution characteristics of FC are systematically discussed. The results demonstrate that FC concentration is generally high throughout the surface waters in China, which indicates that the waters suffer a severe microbial contamination. Rivers are most severely contaminated among different water bodies while reservoirs are cleanest. The concentration of FC shows significant inter-annual and intra-annual fluctuations, with the concentration in wet seasons being much greater than that in dry seasons. There is no obvious distribution pattern of FC concentration between southern and northern waters, while the FC concentration in eastern areas is obviously greater than that in western areas. The FC concentration in lower reaches of rivers is greater than that in the upper reaches, and the FC concentration near shore is greater than offshore. These indicate that human actions significantly increase the concentration of FC. Rainfall-runoff has a significant impact on the temporal variation and spatial distribution of FC. Besides, many other physical-chemical factors, including organic content, trophic level, salinity, and temperature of water are also responsible for the spatial distribution and temporal variation of concentration of FC.
Fecal Coliform (FC) concentration in surface waters, such as, rivers, lakes, reservoirs and coastal areas, of China was surveyed based on literatures published since 1980s. From the survey, the temporal variation and the spatial distribution of FC concentration is analyzed, and then influencing factors on distribution characteristics of FC are systematically discussed. The results demonstrate that FC concentration is generally high throughout the surface waters in China, which indicates that the waters suffer a severe microbial contamination. Rivers are most severely contaminated among different water bodies while reservoirs are cleanest. The concentration of FC shows significant inter-annual and intra-annual fluctuations, with the concentration in wet seasons being much greater than that in dry seasons. There is no obvious distribution pattern of FC concentration between southern and northern waters, while the FC concentration in eastern areas is obviously greater than that in western areas. The FC concentration in lower reaches of rivers is greater than that in the upper reaches, and the FC concentration near shore is greater than offshore. These indicate that human actions significantly increase the concentration of FC. Rainfall-runoff has a significant impact on the temporal variation and spatial distribution of FC. Besides, many other physical-chemical factors, including organic content, trophic level, salinity, and temperature of water are also responsible for the spatial distribution and temporal variation of concentration of FC.
2017,37(3):1-6, DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2017.03.001
Abstract:
The development process of research on the water resources carrying capacity in China is systematically summarized, and it can be divided into five stages: the creation of conception, the preliminary study, the gradual improvement, the difficult development, and the innovation era. On the basis of comparison of research methods, the calculation methods of water resources carrying capacity can be divided into three categories: the empirical formula method, comprehensive evaluation method, and system analysis method. The control objective inversion model(COIM)based on simulation and optimization and its applications are introduced. It is pointed out that research on the water resources carrying capacity in the future focuses on: using the empirical formula method to calculate the national water resources carrying capacity and system analysis method for detailed calculation; constructing the calculation model of water resources carrying capacity and forewarning system platform; studying the dynamic carrying capacity of water resources under the changing environment; and considering the current achievements of water resources regulation and the balance development of water resources and economic society.
The development process of research on the water resources carrying capacity in China is systematically summarized, and it can be divided into five stages: the creation of conception, the preliminary study, the gradual improvement, the difficult development, and the innovation era. On the basis of comparison of research methods, the calculation methods of water resources carrying capacity can be divided into three categories: the empirical formula method, comprehensive evaluation method, and system analysis method. The control objective inversion model(COIM)based on simulation and optimization and its applications are introduced. It is pointed out that research on the water resources carrying capacity in the future focuses on: using the empirical formula method to calculate the national water resources carrying capacity and system analysis method for detailed calculation; constructing the calculation model of water resources carrying capacity and forewarning system platform; studying the dynamic carrying capacity of water resources under the changing environment; and considering the current achievements of water resources regulation and the balance development of water resources and economic society.
2016,36(3):1-4, DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2016.03.001
Abstract:
The characteristics and advantages of the big data method are discussed in this paper. In the method, mathematical formulas are replaced by intensive data in order to precisely describe the temporal and spatial variation of hydrological phenomena or the solution of a differential equation. The reasons why hydrology needs big data and technical support for obtaining hydrological big data are also discussed. The big data method may inspire the innovation of scientific thinking and become a way of solving complex problems in hydrology.
The characteristics and advantages of the big data method are discussed in this paper. In the method, mathematical formulas are replaced by intensive data in order to precisely describe the temporal and spatial variation of hydrological phenomena or the solution of a differential equation. The reasons why hydrology needs big data and technical support for obtaining hydrological big data are also discussed. The big data method may inspire the innovation of scientific thinking and become a way of solving complex problems in hydrology.
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1006-7647
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